An Emirati walks past a screen showing the Mars probe “Hope” at the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Center in Dubai on July 19, 2020.

GIUSEPPE CACACE | AFP via Getty Images

DUBAI, United Arab Emirates – The United Arab Emirates made history as the first Arab country to reach Mars.

Emirates’ Mars mission, dubbed the Hope probe, reached the red planet at 7.42 p.m. (Emirates time) Tuesday and sent its signal back to Earth a little over half an hour later. The ground control team at the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Center in Dubai burst into jubilation.

“204 days and more than 480 million kilometers later, the #HopeProbe is now in the capture orbit of #Mars”, the official Twitter account of the Hope Mars Mission tweeted shortly afterwards with the hashtag #ArabsToMars.

The feat is monumental. Experts estimate the chance of successfully entering Mars orbit to be around 50%, as more than half of all Mars missions actually fail. The crucial time window was a frightening and exciting 27 minutes, in which the Hope probe had to slow down dramatically from its speed of 100,000 kilometers per hour to 18,000 km / h by firing its six engines for exactly 27 minutes.

This consumed nearly half of its fuel and allowed it to be caught by Mars’ gravity and enter its orbit. There was then a communication delay of about 11 minutes to Earth as the scientists and engineers involved in the project – including about 200 Emiratis – waited eagerly to see if the mission was successful.

The operation had to be carried out with immaculate precision, and the stakes were high – the current period when Earth is closest to the red planet only occurs every two years.

This makes the UAE only the second country to successfully enter Mars orbit on the first attempt, despite attempts having been made since the 1960s. The only other country that has done this is India.

Several governments and greats in the field congratulated, including the US State Department, the Indian Government, the UK Space Center and prominent scientist Neil DeGrasse Tyson.

Thomas Zurbuchen, Associate Administrator at NASA’s Directorate of Science Missions, tweeted, “Congratulations @HopeMarsMission on your safe arrival into orbit around Mars! Your courageous quest to explore the Red Planet will inspire many others to reach for the stars. We hope we can join Mars soon with @NASAPersevere. “

The Hope probe is the first to complete its journey of three Mars missions to break the planet’s orbit this year. NASA’s Perseverance rover and China’s Tianwen-1 mission were also launched in July to take advantage of the proximity time between Earth and Mars.

Six years in the making

The Hope probe, a $ 200 million project called Al-Amal in Arabic, was launched on July 20 from the Japanese space station Tanegashima and has now culminated its journey to Earth’s neighbor. It will now spend a Martian year – the equivalent of 687 days on Earth – studying and collecting data on the atmosphere of the red planet.

This time will allow him to create the first complete map of the Martian atmosphere with the help of three highly specialized instruments developed by the Emirati team: a sophisticated camera for photographing Mars and studying its lower atmosphere, an ultraviolet spectrometer, that records the Martian atmosphere, the levels of carbon monoxide and oxygen on the planet, as well as an infrared spectrometer that measures Martian dust, ice clouds and water.

The year 2021 is also significant: it is the 50th anniversary of the founding of the UAE as a country.

The Burj Khalifa in Dubai glows red on February 9, 2021, when the “Al-Amal” – Arabic for “hope” – probe of Mars in the United Arab Emirates carries out a difficult maneuver to enter the orbit of the Red Planet.

GIUSEPPE CACACE | AFP via Getty Images

The UAE’s ambitious project was in development for six years and made the little Gulf Sheikh only the fifth country in the world to reach Mars. These missions typically take at least 10 years to plan and plan, said Sarah al-Amiri, state minister for advanced technology and chair of the UAE space agency.

“The first of our challenges was designing a mission to another planet for the first time,” al-Amiri told CNBC’s Dan Murphy earlier this week.

“That included mobilizing our team, who worked on Earth observation satellites but then filled in and bridged the gaps as spaceships orbiting the earth are slightly different from spacecraft heading for other planets,” she said.

“The challenges were technical. We had to make sure the spacecraft would be extremely reliable for its journey. It can envision that the spacecraft’s components can function for the duration of the mission,” she added.

Multi-country efforts

The Emirates Mars Mission worked with a team from the University of Colorado Boulder to build the spaceship. In doing so, she relied on the specialist knowledge of the laboratory for atmospheric and space physics at the university. The oil-rich Gulf country itself has invested in space research and development for years and founded its own space agency in 2014 after launching satellites developed together with South Korean partners in 2009 and 2013.

The United Arab Emirates government has launched various campaigns to expand the country’s science, technology, engineering and math sectors, and sees the growing space program as an important part of that. It is also the first country to have an artificial intelligence minister and is heavily investing in its own indigenous defense industry. Representatives of the Emirates see the Mars mission as a contribution to promoting the interest of the country’s youth in science and space exploration, which enables growth in sectors that are of crucial importance for a future after oil.

“This will be what drives us from this mission on over the next five years: to ensure that there is a very well established and globally networked space sector in the Emirates,” said al-Amiri.

The UAE space mission long had the goal of getting a probe to Mars by the 50th anniversary – but by 2017 it had even higher goals, including an instruction from Dubai ruler Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum about the first human colony to build on Mars the year 2117.

It may seem hard to imagine, but so does today’s hypermodern UAE 100 years ago, when only scattered Bedouin tribes populated the vast expanse of the harsh red and gold desert – a landscape not that different from that of Mars itself.

The Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia, Mohammed bin Salman, will attend the 41st Gulf Cooperation Council Summit in Al-Ula, Saudi Arabia on January 5, 2021.

Royal Council of Saudi Arabia | Anadolu Agency | Getty Images

Saudi Arabia has announced new judicial reforms that will put the kingdom on the path to codified law – a big step in the deeply conservative country whose legal system is based on Islamic law.

“The Law on Personal Status, the Law on Civil Transactions, the Criminal Code for Discretionary Sanctions and the Law of Evidence represent a new wave of judicial reforms in the kingdom,” the Saudi state news agency SPA quoted Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman as saying late Monday.

“The new laws represent a new wave of reforms that … will increase the reliability of procedures and oversight mechanisms as cornerstones in realizing the principles of justice and clarify the limits of accountability,” the Crown Prince said in a statement. He said the new laws would be announced later in 2021.

A Saudi official told Reuters that reforms are tailored to meet the needs of the modern world while adhering to Sharia law.

The announcement is the latest in a series of dramatic economic and social reforms the 35-year-old Crown Prince has launched to modernize the kingdom. It fits into his Vision 2030 agenda, which aims to diversify the economy away from oil and attract foreign talent and investment, and comes as Saudi Arabia positions itself as a destination for international business headquarters.

“This is an important step towards global best practices that give companies the confidence to invest,” Tarek Fadlallah, CEO for the Middle East, Nomura Asset Management, told CNBC on Tuesday.

The lack of a codified legal system often resulted in inconsistencies in court judgments and lengthy litigation. The announcement made explicit reference to women in Saudi Arabia who have long had a lower status than men in terms of legal and economic rights and whom the Crown Prince described as particularly harmed because no written laws were passed on certain issues.

“Disagreements in court decisions have resulted in a lack of clarity in the rules for the incidents and practices, and injured many, mostly women,” the SPA quoted as quoting the Crown Prince.

While women’s rights in the kingdom have improved in some areas such as driving, employment and free movement in recent years, they remain a major target of criticism from human rights groups and some foreign governments. Several Saudi female driving activists remain in jail claiming they are being tortured, which the Saudi state denies.

Ali Shihabi, a Saudi analyst near the kingdom’s royal court, tweeted the reforms late Monday, describing the news as “an important step in legal reform and one that recognizes that the Saudi legal system has a way to make international To achieve standards and. ” that the leadership recognizes the urgency and importance of such reform. ”

“It’s especially interesting to highlight the impact on women,” added Shihabi.

The Crown Prince described the current legal system as “painful for many individuals and families, especially women, who allow some to shirk their responsibilities. This will not happen again once these laws are enacted according to legal laws and procedures,” said he. The statement did not provide any further details as to which specific practices and penalties would be changed.

His statement added that the forthcoming legal reforms will “remove the ambiguity of the rules for … prolonged litigation not based on established legal provisions and the lack of a clear legal framework for individuals and businesses”.